Definition
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun in a sentence. Pronouns are used so that our language is not cumbersome with the same nouns being repeated over and over in a paragraph.
You may have noticed that they tend to come in sets of four, all
referring to the same person, group or thing.
- He, him, his and himself, for example, all refer to a male person or something belonging to him
- They, them, theirs and themselves all refer to a group or something belonging to a group, and so on.
The truth is that there are many different types of pronouns,
each serving a different purpose in a sentence.
Personal Pronouns
Personal
pronouns can be the subject of a clause or sentence. They are: I, he,
she, it, they, we, and you. Example: “They went to the store.”
Personal pronouns can also be objective, where they are the
object of a verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. They are: me, her, him,
it, you, them, and us. Example: “David gave the gift to her.”
Possession can be shown by personal pronouns, like: mine,
his, hers, ours, yours, its, and theirs. Example: “Is this mine or
yours?”
Subject Pronouns
Subject pronouns are
often (but not always) found at the beginning of a sentence. More precisely,
the subject of a sentence is the person or thing that lives out the verb.
- He and I had a fight. – This sentence has two subjects because he and I were both involved in the fight.
- He broke my kneecaps. – You get the idea.
Object Pronouns
By contrast, objects and object pronouns
indicate the recipient of an action or motion. They come after verbs and prepositions
(to, with, for, at, on, beside, under, around, etc.).
- I begged him for more time.
- He said he'd given me enough time already.
- Just then, the police arrived and arrested us.
Subject vs. Object
Pronouns
There is often confusion over which pronouns you should use when
you are one half of a dual subject or object. For example, should you say:
- "Me and him had a fight." or "He and I had a fight?"
- "The police arrested me and him." or "The police arrested he and I?"
Some people will tell you that you should always put the other
person first and refer to yourself as "I" because it's more proper,
but those people are wrong. You can put the other person first out of
politeness, but you should always use the correct pronouns (subject or object)
for the sentence.
A good test to decide which one you need is to try the sentence
with one pronoun at a time. Would you say, "Me had a fight?" Of
course not. You'd say, "I had a fight." What about, "Him had a
fight?" No, you'd say, "He had a fight." So when you put the two
subjects together, you get, "He and I had a fight." The same rule applies
to the other example.
- You wouldn't say, "The police arrested he," or, "The police arrested I."
- You would use "him" and "me."
So the correct sentence is, "The police arrested him and
me."
Possessive Adjectives vs. Possessive Pronouns
Pronominal possessive
adjectives include the following: my, your, our,
their, his, her and its. They are sort of pronouns
in that they refer to an understood noun, showing possession by that noun of
something. They are technically adjectives,
though, because they modify a noun that follows them.
- My money is all gone.
- I gambled it all away on your race horse.
- His jockey was too fat.
In all of these examples, there is a noun (money, race horse,
jockey) that has not been replaced with a pronoun. Instead, an adjective is
there to show whose money, horse and jockey we’re talking about.
Possessive
pronouns, on the other hand – mine, yours, ours,
theirs, his, hers, its – are truly pronouns because
they refer to a previously named or understood noun. They stand alone, not
followed by any other noun. For comparison's sake, look at this sentence:
- You have your vices, and I have mine.
There are two types of pronouns here: subject (you/I) and
possessive (mine). There's also a possessive adjective (your). We'll deal with
the subject pronouns momentarily, but for now, just look at the others.
Your is followed by the noun, vices, so although we know that
your refers to you, it is not the noun or the noun substitute
(pronoun). Vices is the noun. In the second half of the sentence,
however, the noun and the possessive adjective have both been replaced with one
word – the pronoun, mine. Because it stands in the place of the noun, mine
is a true pronoun whereas your is an adjective that must be followed by
a noun.
Indefinite Pronouns
These pronouns do not point to any particular nouns, but refer
to things or people in general. Some of them are: few, everyone, all, some,
anything, and nobody. Example: “Everyone is already here.”
Relative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to connect a clause or phrase to a noun
or pronoun. These are: who, whom, which, whoever, whomever, whichever, and
that. Example: “The driver who ran the stop sign was careless.”
Intensive Pronouns
These pronouns are used to emphasize a noun or pronoun. These
are: myself, himself, herself, themselves, itself, yourself, yourselves, and
ourselves. Example: “He himself is his worst critic.”
Demonstrative Pronouns
There are five demonstrative pronouns: these, those, this,
that, and such. They focus attention on the nouns that are
replacing. Examples: “Such was his understanding.” “Those are totally awesome.”
Interrogative Pronouns
These pronouns are used to begin a question: who, whom,
which, what, whoever, whomever, whichever, and whatever. Example:
“Who will you bring to the party?”
Reflexive Pronouns
There is one more type of pronoun, and that is the reflexive
pronoun. These are the
ones that end in “self” or "selves." They are object pronouns that we
use when the subject and the object are the same noun.
- I told myself not to bet all my money on one horse.
- The robber hurt himself chasing me through the alley.
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